This Trail Guide covers two small Parks – Parks 7 and 8 of the Adelaide Park Lands.

The two Parks are separated by Melbourne Road, which is an extension of Melbourne Street in North Adelaide.

However it’s convenient to think of them as one Park – and indeed the two together have one English name – The Olive Groves (for very obvious reasons).

However, there are two separate names in the Kaurna language for the two Parks. On the north side of Melbourne Road you are in Park 7 which is called Kuntingga meaning ‘kunti root place’. The vegetable “kunti” was described by early German missionaries as ‘the root of red color and taste. which is cooked and eaten by the people of the country ’ . 

Park 8, the southern part of the Olive Groves, is much smaller than Park 7 on the northern side of Melbourne Road.

Park 8 is only 1.26 hectares whereas Park 7 is 2.8 hectares, more than twice the size. However, taken together, the two parks are only just over 4 hectares in size.

Compared to most other Parks within the Adelaide Park Lands, that’s pretty small and you should have no problem getting around both of them in only about 75 minutes. There are no toilet stops on the way however.

This Trail Guide features a lot of information about olive trees, and the history of olives in these two Parks, but it also includes quite a few other things.

This Trail Guide also draws your attention to the trees in these Parks that are NOT olives. Here on the corner of Melbourne Road and Mann Terrace is one of the most prominent non-olive trees. It’s a River Red Gum, one of 34 river red gums in The Olive Groves.

From here, walk northwards, further into Park 7. Stop after about 80 metres when you come to a very large stobie pole – electrical pole.

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One of the things you can’t help noticing about Park 7 is the burden of infrastructure.

This stobie pole dominates the area – and there are others of the same size along the same line.

In 2007 the City Council hired a specialist academic adviset to evaluate the historical, cultural and landscape features of all the Park Lands, and make recommendations about how to enhance them.

Dr David Jones produced a mammoth work. It is the starting point for anyone wanting to learn anything about the history and significance of the Adelaide Park Lands. Not surprisingly, Dr Jones recommended that these stobie poles should be removed, because they do not enhance the value of this Park.

Of course that recommendation has not been acted upon.

Dr Jones also mentioned this concrete drainage channel, pictured below. In his view it was “of some engineering merit".

Drainage in Adelaide was a problem for many decades after European settlement. Adelaide and its near-city suburbs are mostly flat and there are many places where water can pool after heavy rain, or leave the ground boggy.

There are several artificial drainage channels in various parts of the Park Lands. Some have been placed underground. Others have been beautifully landscaped, such as the South Park Lands Creek. This drainage channel in Park 7 is the poor cousin. Its date of construction is unclear, but it was probably built in the 1940s or 50s when concrete drainage channels were built elsewhere in Adelaide.

In that era, the idea of landscaping drainage was not even considered. The only thought at the time was that works had to be effective at draining stormwater.

Speaking of infrastructure – if you look across Mann Terrace to the west, you will see Stanley Street in North Adelaide.

The Olive Groves are bounded by two very wide roads - one on each side of these Parks, and each road is a one-way road.

However, for more than 100 years, these two roads were each bi-directional (two-way) roads.

The road on the east, Park Terrace, was the wider road, on the outside of the Park.

Mann Terrace, alongside North Adelaide, was smaller and narrower. Mann Terrace was widened for the first time in 1925.

About 1949 the decision was made to convert each of the two roads into one-way roads. Until then, Stanley Street went right across Park 7, as you can see from the 1935 aerial photo above.

From 1949, Stanley Street no longer went across Park 7, but the route it took is still there as a footpath which crosses over the drain, underneath the footpath surface.

A few years later, in the 1960s, Mann Terrace was substantially widened, and at that time the Government separated the residential part of lower North Adelaide from what then became a major road heading north. That also had the effect of narrowing the Park Lands here.

Now, walk further north until you come to a wooden footbridge over the drain.

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This is a laminated timber bridge built in the 1970's. Dr David Jones in his report in 2007 described it as "of no merit". It replaced an earlier so-called "rustic bridge" built in 1916.

This is probably as good a place as any to start talking about this olive plantation. The history of olives in South Australia is as old as European settlement - exactly the same age, because the first olive tree came on the very first colonist ships.

George Stevenson had the first olive trees, on H.M.S. Buffalo which arrived in 1836 - the year SA was founded as a British colony. That first olive tree still exists. It’s on private property in the garden of a house on Finniss Street near Frome Road.

A man named John Bailey also brought olives (6 varieties) shortly afterwards in 1839.

However, he was not always on the right side of the law. It's not clear what went wrong for him because despite the fact that he brought olives with him in 1839, he was in trouble with the law six years later when his company, Bailey and Sons imported olive cuttings without permission. He was charged with illegally planting, cultivating, and distributing them. There might have been some commercial disagreement between Bailey and the South Australian Company.

These illegal cuttings were planted in Bailey's gardens where they flourished and some still exist in a small park at the end of Botanic Street, off Hackney Rd near St Peters College.

Bailey was granted a contract from the Colonial Government (what we would now call the State Government) to fence these parks and plant olives. The contract was worth 500 pounds. The work was completed within the same year - 1856 - so that's how old these trees are.

John Bailey retired after completing this work, and died eight years later in 1864 of infected kidneys. At the time of his retirement there were an estimated 15,000 olive trees within the Bailey nursery. His son Frederick and grandson John continued in his line of work of botany and horticulture.

From here, walk diagonally across the park, through the olive trees, until you get to a clear patch of grass near Park Terrace on the opposite (north-eastern) side of the Park.

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There is an urban legend that the Adelaide Park Lands were created as some sort of military buffer zone around the city. The Park Lands are so wide (so the story goes) that an advancing army could be spotted in the Park Lands and it would make the city easier to defend from any attack.

This is a furphy. There is no evidence to support the idea that Colonel Light had this purpose in mind for the Park Lands. There is considerable evidence that the role of public open space was being favourably considered by social reformers in the UK at the time of colonisation, in the mid-1830’s.

Even if, contrary to the evidence, the Park Lands were originally intended for this purpose, then Colonel Light would have messed up here. Most of the Park Lands are about 600 metres wide - e.g. from South Terrace to Greenhill Road is 600 metres. Wakefield Road through the Park Lands is even longer – 800 metres. However these two Parks, 7 and 8, are the narrowest part of the Park Lands. They are only 80 metres wide.

Even before they were narrowed over the years (due to road widening) they would have been no more than 140 metres wide - less than a quarter of the width of most of the Park Lands. Therefore if any 19th century army had wanted to attack, they would have chosen these Parks to launch their attack!

Here on the eastern side of the Park you can see the start of a line of trees that aren’t olives.

On the western side of the Park, it’s almost all olives, but here on the eastern side, all the way from here to the southern end of Park 8, there is an eclectic assortment of trees.

There are three that are most common: River Red Gums, Aleppo Pines and Kurrajong trees. The City Council has advised that The Olive Groves include, in total, 34 River Red gums, but also 19 Kurrajong trees and 15 Aleppo Pines.

This Park might be the only place in the Adelaide Park Lands where some of the landscaping has been carried out by ants.

As you walk, look out for ant trails, such as these, which in some cases lead to and from Kurrajong trees. The trails are made by the Southern Meat Ant (Iridomyrmex purpureus).

The Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) is native to the Mediterranean. It has pine cones and white buds.

Planting them here was suggested in 1880 by forestry expert John Ednie Brown. There are lots of Aleppo pines throughout the Adelaide Park Lands. Like other pine species, Aleppo pines can dramatically change the environmental conditions of an area. The thick layer of pine needles prevent native species seedling establishment. Control methods are the same as other pine species and woody weeds.

Now walk a bit further south until you come to a river red gum with part of its trunk missing.

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This river red gum tree is one of 34 river red gums in The Olive Groves. It has what looks like a piece of its trunk missing or folded back.

A City Council arborist, Craig Silcock, has advised that this tree suffered damage sometime in the past. Mr Silcock was unable to say how the damage would have occurred, but a lightning strike was the most likely explanation. The tree has reacted to ‘seal’ itself from possible future spread of disease or decay, by a physiological response forming ‘walls’ around the wounded area.

While you are here - look across the road to see the historic Gilberton Chapel, which dates back to 1910.

Its foundation stone (laid by a Mrs W.S. Thompson) reads “Thompson Memorial Congregational Church”. In 1977 the Church and attached hall were purchased by the Pentecostal Church Society for $40,000. The hall was regarded as unsafe and was demolished in 1982, at which time the Church was refurbished.

In recent decades it was hired out as a function centre for weddings, business meetings, small conferences and church services. It was sold in 2019 as an office building, fetching $997,000. It’s since been tenanted by the ‘Adelaide Bridal Collective’.

From here, walk southward and cross over Melbourne Road, to enter Park 8.

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This Park is called “Parngutilla” in the Kaurna language, which means 'parngutta root place', referring to the potato-like root which was eaten by Kaurna people.

In between Melbourne Road and the bicycle/pedestrian path is one of the two Stone pine trees in this Park.

The Stone pine (Pinus pinea), like the Aleppo Pine, originates in the Mediterranean region. It has an unusual canopy shape. With time, it forms a flat topped tree with a shady canopy, like an umbrella. It is one of the pines that is harvested for its edible pine nuts. There are several Stone pines in various locations of the Adelaide Park Lands – but far fewer of them than the more common Aleppo Pines.

Another Stone Pine just further south, is very large, bent over, leaning to the west.

Before you head further into the olive groves of Park 8, this is an opportunity to go back in time to learn about not just the olive plantation, but the emergence of an olive oil industry in Adelaide.

The Trail Guide mentioned earlier the founder of these olive groves, John Bailey. Mr Bailey had his own olives planted well before the plantations in these Parks. He also had a business associate called George Francis, who had the idea of pressing Bailey's olives to make olive oil. Messrs Bailey and Francis did that, and some of the olive oil was sent to the 1851 "Great Exhibition" in London - in the famous newly-built Crystal Palace.

The South Australian olive oil got an honourable mention at the Great Exhibition so you would think it must have been good for business. But no. Nothing came of the SA olive oil industry at that point. Olives were still growing and the plantations were expanded over the following years but no more olive oil was produced for another 20 years.

The olive oil industry in SA came to life in the 1870s but at that time it was not the City Council and not these olives that drove the establishment of a South Australian olive oil industry. Rather, it was the plantation near the old Adelaide Gaol where the olive oil comeback was launched, and the proximity to the Gaol was no coincidence.

The Superintendent of the Gaol, William Boothby, extended the original olive grove, from about 1,100 trees in 1862 to over 5,000 trees by 1880. And he had a ready workforce. He put prisoners to work picking olives, starting in 1870.

The Adelaide Gaol had the first commercial olive press, not just in SA, but anywhere in Australia. The Gaol olives continued to be supplemented by fruit from the other Council groves, such as this one. And it was not just prisoners picking them. In the 1870s and 1880s there were also olive pickers who were brought from the nearby Lunatic Asylum, the Destitute Women’s Asylum in Kintore Street, and orphans.

In those days olive oil was not for salad dressing and frying fish. Until petrol and motor oil became widely available in the 20th century, olive oil was used in industry and pharmaceuticals.

Belatedly, in the late 1880s, the City Council decided to get in on the olive oil act. About the turn of the century, from 1897, the City of Adelaide was selling 2,000 litres or more, per year, at what were very good prices (for that era). Seven or eight shillings per gallon was the going price. Allowing for inflation over more than 120 years we are talking about roughly $5.30 per litre. That was the wholesale price that the City of Adelaide received. That would have been more than $10,000 per annum, in today's money, flowing into the City Council's budget.

A new city gardener, August Pelzer from 1900 continued the olive oil production and re-planted trees where necessary. The City eventually stopped using wholesalers and marketed its own 'City of Adelaide' olive oil, using the label pictured above. However, City of Adelaide olive oil has been unavailable for more than 100 years!

Now keep walking south, until you come to another dirt pathway that crosses Park 8.

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We know that these olive trees are more than 165 years old, and you would have noticed many of them are bearing fruit, albeit quite small fruit. So perhaps you are wondering, how old can they get?

European olives are VERY long-lived. The oldest olive tree in the world is supposedly on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean, where its age is estimated to be at least 2,000 years and perhaps up to 3,000. Many in Europe are over 1,000 years old. 500 years is quite common.

There is archeological evidence that olives were grown in Crete as early as 3,500 BC. That is, more than 5,500 years ago. The Greeks believed they were sacred and there are numerous references to olives in the Bible.

Even today an olive branch is a symbol of peace and plenty. The phrase “extending an olive branch” means offering peace.

Olives typically do best in ‘Mediterranean’-type climates with long, hot dry summers with low humidity and winter rain and cold. If there is not enough chilling in winter then there will not be as many flowers, and so fewer fruits.

However, olives are also considered to be a real problem, especially here in South Australia.

In South Australia, feral olive trees are a declared “invasive species” or a weed. They spread very easily – because birds eat the olives and carry the seeds into bushland. It’s very difficult to dig out olive trees once they are established.

Feral olives occur throughout the Mount Lofty Ranges, with severe infestations occurring around Brown Hill Creek, Shepherds Hill, Sturt Gorge and Onkaparinga Gorge.

In bushfires they are a real danger to firefighters. They make fires worse, because they burst into a big ball of flame like an explosion.

There is no simple solution to the problem. If you have an olive tree, it helps if you can collect every single olive to prevent the birds taking any and spreading the seed. And on this Trail, feel free to pick up any olives that you might see on the ground.

On your own property, if you are not going to harvest olives, then pull out the tree – although that is easier said than done! In our now more fragile world we don’t want introduces species such as olives to make it even harder for indigenous flora and fauna to cope. See more advice here: https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/landscape/docs/hf/feral-olive-fact-sheet.pdf

At a later stop on this Trail you will learn about harvesting Park Lands olives with a City Council permit.

For now, walk further south until you come to the two Moreton Bay fig trees at the southern end of Park 8.

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There are 594 olive trees in the Olive Groves. There are also 34 River Red gums, 19 Kurrajong tree and 15 Aleppo Pines.

On this Trail, you have already passed two magnificent Stone pines (pinus pinea) in the east of Park 8, near Melbourne Road.

But there’s also a number of other trees and most of them are concentrated here in the southern portion of Park 8 next to the O’Bahn busway.

• eight Port Lincoln wattles, also known as Flinders Ranges wattle or willow-leaf wattle (Acacia iteaphylla) near the southern end of Park 8;

• three yellow gums (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) also in the far south of Park 8

• a single example of Norfolk Island Hibiscus (Lagunaria patersonia) in the southern part of Park 8;

• a single example of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis) in the south-east part of Park 8;

• a single example of sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) towards the south of Park 8;

• a single example of 'Golden wattle' (Acacia pycnantha); and

• a single example of a relatively young lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora).

There is also a single example of a small 'Himalayan Ash' - ie evergreen ash - near the end of this Trail, in the north-western part of Park 8.

Before you leave this spot, take a closer look at one of the eight willow-leaf wattles. This species is unusual among acacias in that it actually has what look like proper leaves.

Many species of Acacia have “phyllodes” rather than leaves. A phyllode is defined as a leaf whose blade is much reduced or absent. The slender leaves of this bush are blue-green in colour and arranged alternately, almost at right angles to the stems. The perfumed flower heads are produced in clusters of pale yellow balls which contrast pleasingly with the foliage. The buds are attractively enclosed by conspicuous pale, brown-tipped bracts. The flowers are followed by masses of flattened blue-green seed pods which become brown when mature.

It flowers intermittently throughout the year with a peak flowering period in spring. It is versatile in its habit growing to a height of two to four metres, with some forms becoming upright, whilst others are pendulous and bushy.

The Park Lands Management Strategy envisages turning these Parks into a “formal park setting” (whatever that means) and installing more walking trails and interpretive signage. There are three signs already.

This plan has echoes of one of the earliest plans for this Park. In 1880, forestry expert John Ednie Brown envisaged walking trails around the olive groves, but this was not put into practice.

From here, walk back northwards, towards the starting point of this Trail. Stop amongst the olive trees, away from the traffic.

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As you travel around the Park Lands you will see olive trees that are of a similar vintage to these ones. They might not be quite as old, but pretty close. Most olives in your Park Lands were planted in the 1860s or 1870s.

Some parks have only two or three surviving from that era. However there are substantial olive groves still existing in the two Parks either side of Wakefield Road, i.e. King Rodney Park / Ityamai-itpina (Park 15) and Victoria Park / Pakapakanthi (Park 16).

The other major heritage olive orchard is in Kate Cocks Park - near the Old Adelaide Gaol and next to Bonython Park where the Police "grey" horses are kept.

There is nothing to stop you picking up olives from the ground, but you are not allowed to pick olives on this Trail, unless you have a permit from the Council. Fortunately it’s easy to obtain a permit – just click on this link and insert your name and email address. The permit applies to most olive trees in the Park Lands, not only these Parks 7 and 8.

To obtain your personal permit, you will have to tick the box, to agree to all these conditions:

• Take care and discretion while collecting olives and avoid disturbing residents and other users of Park Lands;

• Before leaving an area, clear and carry away all litter, branches, twigs and leaves that have fallen while collecting olives;

• Ensure equipment used in the olive collection does not create a risk to the general public;

• Take the necessary precautions to avoid damaging trees (trees must not be shaken, beaten and no branches are to be removed);

• Vehicles and trailers must not be driven onto or parked on Park Lands;

• Follow all reasonable and legal verbal instructions from Council Officers or SA Police;

• Must not, under any circumstances, climb into a tree when collecting olives; [However you can use a ladder];

• Indemnify the City of Adelaide for any liability in respect to injury, loss or damage arising out of or in connection with the collection of the olives or its produce;

• Be responsible for the storage and care of all materials and equipment used; and

• Do not pick olives from any trees that are in garden beds.

Most importantly the permit EXCLUDES the olive trees near the Police barracks in Kate Cocks Park, near Bonython Park in Park 27. That spot is where SA Police keep their horses and there are signs there advising you not to enter the horse paddock, both for your own safety and their concerns for the police horses. However, that is not relevant here in Parks 7 and 8.

From here, walk back towards the starting point at Melbourne Street.

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Optional: download and print a tri-fold leaflet, i.e. a double-sided single A4 page, with a brief summary of this Trail Guide: (PDF, 1.3 Mb)

All of our Trail Guides and Guided Walks are on the traditional lands of the Kaurna people. The Adelaide Park Lands Association acknowledges and pays respect to the past, present and future traditional custodians and elders of these lands.

See our other Trail Guides >>>>